CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
The
emergence of campus cults as they are known in Nigeria today began with a split in
the Pyrates Confraternity during the early 1970s when a breakaway group formed
the Buccaneers Confraternity followed by the emergence of the Black Axe or the
Neo-Black Movement. Inter-group rivalry then set in, even though skirmishes
between them were limited to fist fights.
Cultism is dated back to 1952, when
Wole Soyinka winner of the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize for Literature-and a group of
friends at the University of Ibadan formed the Pyrates Confraternity with the
motto “Against all Conventions”. The skull and cross bones were their insignia,
cultivating a bohemian style that ridiculed the colonial attitudes mode of
dress of the day.
This
caught on among students and over the next two decades, the fraternity, a
non-violent body, became established in all the tertiary institutions that
emerged in post-independence Nigeria.
The
1980s saw the multiplication of cults in the more than 300 tertiary
institutions across Nigeria as new groups such as the Eiye, Vikings, Amazons
and Jezebel emerged, bringing with them more intensely violent rivalry. By
1984, when Soyinka initiated the abolition of the Pyrates Confraternity in all
tertiary institutions, the phenomenon of violent had developed a life of its
own.
By
the mid-1980s, reports had it that some of the cults have been co-opted by
elements in the intelligence and security services serving the military
government such that they were used as foils to the left-wing student unions
which, along with university teachers, were among the only remaining bastions
of opposition to military rule. Cultism includes the activities of secret cults
or societies that are very rampant in our institutions of learning today. The
founding fathers of such societies do not have the mind of carrying out evils
but as a pressure group that can monitor and defend the interest of the
immorality of students’ populace without violence. But the activities of the
various cults seen day in our institutions are far from the above reasons. They
have constituted themselves into gangs of “never-do-well” set of people. Their
mission today is to loot, kill, steal and destroy lives and properties at will.
The violence associated with them is reported to be as a result of battles for
supremacy among them. They have constituted themselves into a big cog in the
wheel of Nigeria’s
education development. Indeed, the growth and maturation of examination
malpractice tendencies in our tertiary institutions have been considered as one
of the direct fallouts of cultism.
Hardly a month passes these days, without reports of deaths of students
or staff resulting from cult-related violence.
This has not only created an atmosphere of
insecurity in our campuses, it is also diverting attention from the primary
purpose of the universities which is education. At a time when funding of these
institutions are inadequate, and the standard of education is said to be
falling, cultism and examination malpractices tendencies are clearly a big
problem for the concerned authorities.
Taiwo
(2004) declared that “what we are all witnessing today in the education sector
is a sad reflection of corruption in the society and the low priority placed on
standardization and improvement of the intellectual custodians of our time by
those in governance”. This is against the fact that most members of these cults
are from rich homes and are never serious with their studies; thus prompting
their venturing into examination malpractices. Whenever they fail their
courses, they react violently through their cult members against the teachers
in charge of their failed courses.
They operate at night and conduct initiation
of new members at dawn in these institutions coming out with dangerous weapons
at the middle of the nights when students who are ignorant of their activities
fall victim. The recent arrest of some students who were believed to be cult
members at Esa-Oke
Federal Technical
College serves as typical
case in point.
The
fire of cult terrorism on the campuses which raged on for about one year, after
the half-heated spray of cult antidote by the Federal Government in 1999, has
steadily intensified and burst into flames once more. In the first two weeks of
August 2004, 33 students of three universities were brutally murdered in cultic
butcheries, suspected to have been perpetuated by cult members among students
of tertiary institutions.
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