INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Ownership structure and control of the media is both internal and external factors, since there is nucleus of interdependence and co-existence. There is a common saying with regards to mass media control in Nigeria and elsewhere, which has become a cliché, that “He who pays the piper dictates the tune”. This means that the owners of a mass media channel controls and dictates what the medium broadcasts and how it broadcasts it including its management and control.
According to Agbo and Eze (2017), presents further analysis of third world system as a system where ownership and control of the media is typical of communist or socialist countries in which the media are owned publicly and controlled by the dominant political party and also a centralized control, privately owned system. He explains further that media are owned by private organizations and individuals but are firmly controlled by government. This system is operated in Nigeria and many African countries.
In Nigeria, government control can be direct or indirect. There is strict control of the mass media through police and military intervention and harassment. In most countries of the third world, broadcast media are owned by government and consequently easy to control. The media system that exists in a society is directly related to the political system prevalent in the society. The political system determines the exact relationship between the media and the government. The political system in place also determines the relationship between the media and the people. It also affects the flow of information in the country in which it operates.
This may also be dependent on the economic situation of the mass media and their stated objectives and policies. There is also the legal control which sometimes goes beyond the ethical standard to include the right for an organization to be sued, if it broadcasts without the permission of the regulatory body or transmit false information e.t.c. (Onabanjo 2011).
Mass media ownership and its effects on different aspects of mass media performance were the subject of many studies. Mass media are seen as a social medium that contributes to building strong nations, feelings of unity by transmitting values and norms in messages. However, in Nigeria today, there are three main types of media ownership namely: federal government ownership, state government ownership and private or individual ownership.
In the case of government ownership (state and federal ownership), the government establishes, controls and finances the media outfit, while in the case of private ownership is when an individual or a group of persons establish, control and finance the media outfit.
There is a symbiotic relationship between the media and the society. It is in the interest of the society to have strong and robust mass media as it is in the best interest of the media to uphold the values and protect the interest of the society from which they derive their impulse, support and patronage. Ogbuoshi, (2015).
It is the duty of any media institution to keep the public aware of what is going on around them by providing accurate, factual and timely information at all times, it is also the duty of the media to warn or alert the public about impending danger, to interpret events or provide information needed by the public to make every day decisions or that will make them participate actively in the political, economic and social activities of a community; and to assist the public in determining current trends and making sense of our increasing complex world.
Media institutions are also expected to use their products to educate, entertain, mould public opinions, reinforce attitudes and set agenda for the society. In many societies, people depend on the media to be able to know where to find jobs, where to shop, where to eat out, who to vote for etc. It is safe to say that the influence of the media extends to every aspect of human life and society. But for media institutions to be able to play these roles effectively, they are expected to uphold the values of objectivity, fairness, justice, accuracy, balance, moderation and decency. Lamidi, (2015).
The reasons governments have often given for their involvement in the media is that the private media cannot be trusted to faithfully uphold these benefits of the profession. They accuse them of fostering unrealistic expectations among the populace, of heightening anxieties about conditions in the country and of hate mongering e.t.c. These of course are general criticisms against all media institutions, whether private or public. State media institutions are set up apparently to address these weaknesses of the private media as well as to bring government programmes and policies closer to the people and promote peaceful co-existence among the different groups in the societies in which they operate. But they are usually limited by their methods of operation. Okenwa, (2020).
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