Hi Positive World Project

Tuesday, August 22, 2017

ANALYSIS OF ISSUES AND PATTERNS OF NEWS COVERAGE BY NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The development of Nigerian politics is interwoven with that of the press. The early press, notably Townsend’s Iwe Iroyin fun awon oti Egba Yoruba, the Nigerian first newspaper was used as a political progranda tool to fight the colonial administration in Lagos during the struggle for Independence. Akinfeleye, R.A (1987) reports that the newspaper was so effective that the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in England found it necessary to caution Townsend over his “excesses” in 1963.

ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF BROADCAST MEDIA COVERAGE OF GENDER ISSUE

1.0 Introduction

1.2 Background to the Study

Repositioning of women has become issue of study and it has received the attention of UNESCO (1975-1985), “Toward Equality under the UN Decade for women in Africa, Asia, Latin and South American”, have brought women issues such as unequal job opportunities, cultural barriers, low economic and political empowerment and human right abuses.

APPRAISAL OF DEREGULATION OF BROADCAST MEDIA IN NIGERIA

INTRODUCTION

Broadcasting started in Nigeria with the radio broadcasting in 1936. It started as a relay of the British Empire services (Williams A. Hachten 1971). Raufu, (2011:56) observes that, “before the fourth decade of the 20th century, the British colonialists had depended on the print media for publicity and propaganda and they later added radio to their arsenal of information dissemination”.

THE USE OF INTERNET IN PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

Introduction

The Internet began impacting on our ordinary lives only in the late 1990s, with the development of the World Wide Web (Gillies and Cailliau, 2000, Giovannetti, et’al., 2003). Since then, the Internet has been used extensively for accessing instantaneous information and communicating across geographical boundaries. Due to its characteristics of speed, efficiency and economy, the Internet began to be applied increasingly across industries ranging from retail and banking to the media (Giovannetti et al., 2013).

IMPLICATIONS OF ON-LINE NEWSPAPER READERSHIP ON THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

Introduction

In every human society that is ready for development and change, innovation is usually a lofty goal of inventiveness that has always dazzled the mind. Innovation is the introduction of new ideas, development and approach to ways of doing things. No matter how wonderful and inevitable an innovation may look however, not every individual or group will be ready to accept it with the same level of enthusiasm. There are those who are willingly ready for it, those who are hesitant about it, and of course those who are averse to it.

THE ROLE OF MEDIA RELATIONS IN CORPORATE PUBLIC RELATIONS PRACTICE

Introduction

Media relations is the core activity in many public relations jobs (Wilcox, 2015). One of the participants of this study remarked, “Media relations has over the years become an increasingly significant profile and has added value to the business bottom-line”. To understand this strong link between the media and public relations, the researcher examined Grunig and Hunt (1984) view on how public relations originated.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Public relations play a vital role between an organization and its public. Its practice aims at establishing a two-way communication, seeking common ground or areas of mutual interest and establishing understanding based on truth, knowledge and full information. It is that indispensable bridge that fosters co-operation and understanding. With increasing intensity, the civil society is rather active than passive in the affairs that concern them. Similarly, organizations are more socially responsible in their business undertaking in reference to public opinion. The reason is not far-fetched.

APPRAISAL OF MEDIA STRUCTURE OF SELECTED NEWSPAPERS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Sturdy

Organizational structure is the pillar or foundation on which the apex (i.e. higher authority) of the chart and follow the organization structure this allows for management productivity.

The impact of mass media organization structure on the day-to-day activities of gathering, arranging, editing, publishing and disseminating of media product to the public differs from one media establishment to another. Whatever might be the nature of the establishment, there must be organization structure being the pillar on which ever establishment is to produce either goods or services at a profit.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Nowadays, people are increasingly reliant upon one another for the satisfaction of our social, economic and spiritual needs, sharp deviation from what used to be when individual were largely self-reliant and self-sufficient providing their own food, building their own houses making their clothing and hiring apart from the other people in society has change from its monist nature to a cosmopolitan on a situation where individual deliver mass age differently due to the selective process.

IMPACTS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Is public relations an effective means for grassroots development? For years, development theorists believed that public relations is an ideal instruments to bring about development to the rural societies.

This study assesses the potential of public relations from a different perspective by examining the impact of public relations as a component of grassroots development process.

Besides, having realized the essence of public relations to grassroots development, the challenges facing them that serve as limitations to enhancement of their objectives also trigger the curiosity to carry out this research work.

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON MEDIA ORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Whether an organization is a profit making or non-profit making, whether it is owned by government or a group of individual, whether an organization is small or big, it need the service of public relations for such organization to dwell and eventually succeed in achieving it set goals. No wonder an individual personality are now engaging the service of public relations to build, maintain and polish their image and reputation in the public sphere. Some of the individuals are politician, business tycoon, footballers, wrestlers, boxers, musicians, actors and actress. e.t.c.

THE ROLES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Many scholars have contributed to the success of defining what public relations is. Some scholars believed and wrote on it as act (deed) representing a group or organization.

Public relations is deliberate planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics. British Institute of Public Relations (IBPR).

PUBLIC RELATIONS AS A VERITABLE TOOL FOR ERADICATING CULTISM IN NIGERIAN’S TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

The emergence of campus cults as they are known in Nigeria today began with a split in the Pyrates Confraternity during the early 1970s when a breakaway group formed the Buccaneers Confraternity followed by the emergence of the Black Axe or the Neo-Black Movement. Inter-group rivalry then set in, even though skirmishes between them were limited to fist fights.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING ON ORGANIZATIONS PROFIT MAXIMIZATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Before the era of industrial revolution, the pattern and method of salesmanship was crude and cumbersome. This limited organizations market share as well as profit. Advertising is a powerful communication force and vital marketing tool which helps to sell goods, services, ideas and images through channels of information and persuasion.

APPRAISAL OF MEDIA STRUCTURE OF SELECTED NEWSPAPERS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background to the Study

Organizational structure is the pillar or foundation on which the apex (i.e. higher authority) of the chart and follow the organization structure this allows for management productivity.

THE USE OF INTERNET IN PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

Introduction

The Internet began impacting on our ordinary lives only in the late 1990s, with the development of the World Wide Web (Gillies and Cailliau, 2000, Giovannetti, et’al., 2013). Since then, the Internet has been used extensively for accessing instantaneous information and communicating across geographical boundaries. Due to its characteristics of speed, efficiency and economy, the Internet began to be applied increasingly across industries ranging from retail and banking to the media (Giovannetti et al., 2013).

The emergence of social media in the new millennium gave the World Wide Web a new name, ‘Web 2.0’ (Breakenridge, 2018). Though social media has various definitions, in essence, it is a medium for people to collaborate and share content via Internet tools ranging from video-sharing, photo-sharing and blogs to social networking websites, virtual worlds and micro-blogs (Mersham, Theunissen and Peart, 2019).

THE ROLE OF MEDIA RELATIONS IN CORPORATE PUBLIC RELATIONS PRACTICE

Introduction

Media relations is the core activity in many public relations jobs (Wilcox, 2005). One of the participants of this study remarked, “Media relations has over the years become an increasingly significant profile and has added value to the business bottom-line”. To understand this strong link between the media and public relations, the researcher examined Grunig and Hunt (2014) view on how public relations originated.

According to the authors, in the constant effort to get free space in the media for their clients, press agents or publicists used every possible trick to take advantage of the newspapers and other media. This was called “flacking for space” (Grunig and Hunt). Although these press agents frequently got the publicity they sought, the authors indicate that the media and the public have never forgotten the press agentry origins of public relations. Hence, this explains why media relations is considered to be the most traditional, visible and prominent of all public relations functions.

THE MANAGEMENT OF INSURANCE COMPANIES TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Life is full of risk and every human being is confronted with possibility that one day one of these hazards which form part of life may befall them because one financial loss or the other. The purpose of insurance is to indemnify the victims for the financial loss they might have suffered as a result of these risks. Risk is a concept that denotes a potential negative impact to an asset or some characteristic of value that may arise from some present process or future event. In everyday usage, "risk" is often used synonymously with the probability of a known loss. Paradoxically, a probable loss can be uncertain and relative in an individual event while having a certainty in the aggregate of multiple events (see risk vs. uncertainty below). Risk is the possibility of an event occurring that will have an impact on the achievement of objectives. Risk is measured in terms of impact and likelihood.

THE MANAGEMENT OF INSURANCE COMPANIES TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ON THE CORPORATE PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The impact of financial reporting on the corporate performance of a business organization is becoming more apparent to user groups of a financial statement. Accounting is a not an exact science neither are business operations without some subjective and judgmental errors when it comes to reporting them. A financial reporting therefore is a document statement which informs the various interest groups to a business on the operations and performance of their business in a period under review its present state of affairs as well as its anticipated future, in accordance with the statutes. If a financial report is to service its purpose it ought to be characterized by the following.

INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS AND CONSUMERS PATRONAGE OF NIGERIAN BEVERAGE PRODUCTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The need for an organization to properly coordinate its marketing communications strategies in order to deliver a clear, consistent, credible and competitive message about itself and its product has become a challenge today for every result oriented firm. Effective marketing communications should therefore be an integral part of every efficient and result driven organization. How innovative and creative marketing communications practitioners are inappropriately combining, coordinating and efficiently using marketing communication tools will have great impact on their companies’ products/services and by extension, on such products’ market share. This again could pose serious challenge to competing companies across markets in the country.

MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC HARDSHIP OF PRESIDENT MUHAMMAD BUHARI'S REGIME

HOW TO GET/ORDER FOR APPROVED/COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

POSITIVE WORLD is an established multimedia and research organization for academic innovation, research resolution and updated research information and services. We offers you fresh and Updated Project Topics, Project Guide, Project Tips and Complete Project Materials for final year Students in Mass Communication, Journalism, Marketing, Advertising, Public Relations, Business Administration, Office Technology and Management, Computer Science, Accounting. Our Project materials covers Chapter One to Five (1-5), including Abstract, Table of Contents, References and Questionnaire/Coding Sheets, Content Categories where appropriate. We also analyse data using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).

PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF MASS MEDIA AWARENESS OF PRESIDENT MUHAMMAD BUHARI CHANGE BEGINS WITH ME STATEMENT

HOW TO GET/ORDER FOR APPROVED/COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

MASS MEDIA AWARENESS OF PRESIDENT MUHAMMAD BUHARI'S CHANGE BEGINS WITH ME STATEMENT

HOW TO GET/ORDER FOR APPROVED/COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

MASS MEDIA ROLES ON SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC HARDSHIP IN NIGERIA CHANGE BEGINS WITH ME OF PRESIDENT MUHAMMAD BUHARI'S STATEMENT

Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Mass media plays very important roles in the achievement of the Nigeria change agenda and national development proposed by the ruling party All Progressive Congress (APC) in the year 2015. The media in draconian states, for example, are not likely to exercise the same persuasion as those in autonomous societies. Nigeria is a fairly democratic country, however in democratic governments, factors, such as economic development, political changes, educational development, socialization, technological advancement, the intended audience and the message manipulates how far the mass media impacts on the society’s will.

APPRAISING THE IMPACT OF INTERNET AS RESEARCH TOOL FOR STUDENTS OF HIGHER LEARNING

Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

In this age of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the use of the internet has become the norms and culture in developing countries and Nigeria is not exempted from this trend. The craving from the internet stems from its central role in ICT with access to free online Journals, Magazines and other information resources anytime and anywhere for academic research.

MASS COMMUNICATION GENDER PROJECT TOPICS

MASS COMMUNICATION PROJECT MATERIAL

The Impact of the Media on Electoral Fortune of Political Parties in Nigeria

The Press and Nigerian Politics

The Role of Mass Media in Preventing Election Rigging

The Roles of Community Newspapers in Creating Political Awareness

Assessment of Public Perception of Broadcast Media Coverage of Gender Issue

THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SMALL SCALE ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The post-independence Nigerian government adopted the entrepreneurship government which constrained it to assume the role of entrepreneur and the urge to offset the economic neglect of the colonial government and that resulted in engaging in ambitious industrialization programmes. When the Nigerian industrial Development Bank Limited (NIDB) was established in 1964 for the purpose of speeding up the industrialization process, its mandate was to promote industrial projects which were large enough to make applicable contribution to the national economy.

THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN EXPORT FINANCING IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Financial institutions are organizations which deal basically in money. They constitute the financial framework of an economy. Financial institutions help to pool savings and excess liquidity from millions of individuals and firms within the country and make them available to those who need them for various purposes.

THE ROLE OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN THE ALLEVIATION OF POVERTY IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A robust economic growth cannot be achieved without putting in place well focused programme to reduce poverty through empowering the people by increasing their access to factors of production.

The latent capacity of the poor for entrepreneurship would be significantly enhanced through the provision of microfinance services to enable them engage in economic activities and be more self-reliant, increase employment opportunities, enhance household income and create wealth. Micro-financing has existed for years before the introduction of conventional banking in Nigeria and the later part of nineteenth century. (Ekot, 2008)

LOAN GRANTING AND ITS RECOVERY PROBLEMS ON COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Virtually, every business has a credit relationship with a financial institution, especially banks. Some rely on periodic short term loans to finance temporary working capital needs. Others primarily use long-term loans to finance capital expenditure, new acquisitions or permanent increases in capital. Regardless of the type of loan, all credit request mandate a systematic analysis of the borrower‟s ability to repay as at when due.

FINANCIAL IMPACT OF COMMERCIALIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY OF BROADCAST STATIONS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Media Finance is considered as a safest mode of media development and sustainability. This avenue of investment provides greater flexibility in making financial agreements and contracts, easily adjustable with the media objective and principles. It is noteworthy that media finance is not simply a matter of funds transfer from lender to borrower; it has multi-dimensional aspects. There are several related sources of income generation by media practitioners/organization these includes income generate from advertisement, public service announcement, airtime/airspace sales, and government subvention e.t.c

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CONFLICT RESOLUTION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Modern Technology in communication is no doubt turned the entire world into a “Global Village”. But as it is, technology like two sides of a coin, bring with it both the negative and positive sides. It helps people to be better informed, enlightened, and keeping abreast with world developments. Technology exposes mankind to a better way of doing things. Meanwhile, human history is characterized with conflict. What therefore differs is the approach or strategy adopted to resolve or manage a particular conflict situation. The effectiveness or otherwise of the management of conflict is itself largely depend on how the causes of the conflict have been understood and resolved. Okoh (2015).

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER ONE

Background to the Study

Modern Technology in communication no doubt has turned the entire world into a “Global Village”. But as it is, technology like two sides of a coin, bring with it both the negative and positive sides. It helps people to be better informed, enlightened, and keeping abreast with world developments. Technology exposes mankind to a better way of doing things.

IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL POLICY OF GOVERNOR AREGBESOLA’S GOVERNMENT ON STUDENTS IN OSUN STATE

Chapter One

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

The word Education could be defined in various ways. In a very broad sense, education could be defined to include every agency which enables an individual to master his physical and social environment of which he is a member, it could be defined as an act of teaching, bringing up, instructing or enlightening.

THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ON THE CORPORATE PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

THE MANAGEMENT OF INSURANCE COMPANIES TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS AND CONSUMERS PATRONAGE OF NIGERIAN BEVERAGE PRODUCTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS AND CONSUMERS PATRONAGE OF NIGERIAN BEVERAGE PRODUCT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

THE MANAGEMENT OF INSURANCE COMPANIES TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS AND CONSUMERS PATRONAGE OF NIGERIAN BEVERAGE PRODUCTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

PERCEPTION OF READERS ON THE USAGE OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE IN PRINT MEDIA IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines language as “the system of expression by means of words” a particular system of words as used by a people or nation, or “a system of signs, movements and so on used to express meanings or feelings” or “a particular style or manner of expression such as in poetic language”.

EVALUATION OF VALUE FOR MONEY AUDIT AS A TOOL FOR FRAUD CONTROL IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Every sector of the economy both the private and the public sector has its own objectives and goals to achieve. For the public sector of the economy, their goal is to satisfy the social needs of the citizens and in the effort to achieve these purposes, auditing more often, play a vital role.

The size and scope of these sectors have sometimes made it clear for the executor to exercise personal and first hand supervision of operation. It is in this light that value for money audit established by management is initiated, for any organization to carry out its business efficiently and effectively, there must be some factors that must be put in place for the smooth running of the organization like materials, machines, human labor and money e. t. c.

EVALUATION OF FRAUD CONTROL MEASURES IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

Fraud is an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual. Fraud is a crime and a civil law violation. Defrauding people of money is presumably the most common type of fraud. Customers of banks are currently experiencing increase in fraud schemes. Scams to get a customer personal information can occur through many different means such as e-mail and telephone.

Bank fraud is the use of fraudulent means to obtain money, assets, or other property owned or held by a financial institution. In many instances, bank fraud is a criminal offence, while the specific element of a particular banking fraud law varies between jurisdictions; the term bank fraud applies to actions that employ a scheme as opposed to bank robbery or theft.

ENHANCING CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH EFFECTIVE AUDIT SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Accountability in both public and private section has being an issue that is worth discussing due to its paramount and colossal impact to the overall performance of an organization. It (Accountability) has to do with reporting back action, task carried out by an individual to the authority who apportioned such function.

Accountability is the process or act of reporting back to a higher authority, body or individual the actions taken by a steward. It enables the person or persons reported to determine if the steward has acted or performed the assigned duties properly and satisfactory. It plays a major role in the success or failure of any business, particularly when the business is not managed by its owner.

EFFECTS OF STANDARD COSTING ON THE PROFITABILITY OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The effect of standard of standard costing on profitability has been a problem to manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The standard costing as a tool for either improving or not improving profitability. Unlike its contemporaries in the field of science, it deals with human beings and calculation significant information.

Lucey (2012) defines standard costing as a technique which establishes pre-determined cost estimates of the cost of products and services and then compares these pre-determined costs with actual costs as they incurred. Standard cost represent am estimated or pre-determines total cost of product per unit for an organization. Adeniji (2019) argues that the process of estimating the total cost of production per unit is described as standard costing technique.

EFFECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Taxation is one of the oldest and major sources of government revenue. The history of taxation in Nigeria dates back to the pre-colonial era. During this period, there were different systems of taxation existing in the forms of compulsory services, contribution of goods, money, labour and the likes, among the various kingdoms and ethnic groups and tribes controlled by the Obas, Emirs etc., in order to sustain the Monarch and also for community development (ICAN,2010)

EFFECTIVENESS OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN A MANUFACTURING COMPANY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Inventory is one of the resources that are managed by business organizations and it was first recorded in 1601. The need for inventory control cannot be overemphasized as it is a means for improving the performance of manufacturing industries. Inventory can be defined as a record of a business current assets including property owned, merchandise on hand and the value of work in progress and work complete but not sold and it is classified as a current asset because it can be turned into liquid cash within a short period of time. Inventory has created a great impact on the profitability of the manufacturing firm which resulted to the deep research of this topic. Effectiveness of inventory management in a manufacturing company.

EFFECTS OF BUDGETING AND BUDGETARY CONTROL IN EXTRACTING INDUSTRY

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the Study

Today the important of budget and budgetary control can never be over emphasized. Thus for survival of any oil cooperation, management need to embark on budget to effect proper planning and control. In this view, budgeting can be seen as a process of planning and control. Proper budgeting can never affect efficient plans of an organization without control. Control as it were is an important tool which must be priced to keep in check with the plans of the firms and for correction of any deviation from the stipulated plan of the organization in question.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PRICING POLICY AND PROFIT PLANNING IN NIGERIAN ORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

In modern economies, prices are generally expressed in units of some form of currency. Although, prices could be quoted as quantities of other goods and services (BARTER SYSTEM). Prices are sometimes quoted in terms of vouchers such as trading stamps. Price sometimes refers to the quantity of payment requested by a seller of goods or services rather than the actual payment amount.

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME ON ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Before the “Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)” can be clearly defined, one must have a better understanding of the situation into which it was introduced. At the conclusion of a Debate/Symposium on “Devaluation” held in 1982 at the Institute of International Affairs, the consensus emerged that the economic problem of Nigeria was structural.

The intention of SAP is to adjust the structure of the Nigerian economy, but what is the structure of the economy and why does it need adjustment? The relevant dictionary meaning of the word “structure” is “the arrangement or interrelation of all part of a whole”.

At the summary of overall economic level which the economist call “The macro level”, the structure f the economy is its composition as seen through the shares or proportion of the various component parts or economic aggregated, in the total sum of goods and services produced in a period usually a year.

Therefore, the structure of the economy is shown by the shares of the various economic sectors in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Just like any other theory, accountants have discovered that they need to make certain assumption before they can prepare financial statements. These assumptions, which underline the preparation of financial statements, are also known as principles, postulates, conventions, concepts, and standards etc. The origination from such concepts as entity, going-concern, periodicity realisation, matching, consistency and historical cost concept.

They have been described as the basic points of agreement upon which the preparation of financial statement are based. They act as filters in the process of preparing financial statement and therefore assist immensely in selecting data to be processed and also indicating the processing method and thereby affecting the final result.

Accounting Principles are usually rules and conventions, which have been adopted as a general guide to action by the accountancy profession. These principles are formulated in such a way that the practical details of accounting may differ greatly from one company to another. To ensure acceptance, an accounting principle must be useful in coping with a practical recording problem, it must be reasonably objective, that is, provide a similar answer in the hands of qualified practitioners, and it must be feasible, that is, it should not be expensive to apply.

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